Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Free Essays

Corrosive Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Free Essays Corrosive Rain Presentation: What Causes Acid Rain? One of the fundamental driver of corrosive downpour is sulfur dioxide. Common sources, which discharge this gas, are Volcanoes, ocean splash, spoiling vegetation and microscopic fish. Nonetheless, the consuming of petroleum derivatives, for example, Coal and oil, are to a great extent to be accused for roughly 50% of the discharges of this gas on the planet. At the point when sulfur dioxide arrives at the air, it oxidizes to initially shape a sulfate particle. It at that point Gets sulfuric corrosive as it gets together with hydrogen iotas noticeable all around and falls down to earth. Oxidation happens the most in mists and particularly in vigorously contaminated air where different mixes for example, smelling salts and ozone help to catalyze the response, changing more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric corrosive. Be that as it may, not the entirety of the sulfur dioxide is changed to sulfuric corrosive. Indeed, a generous sum can skim up into the climate, move over to another zone and come back to earth unconverted. In the accompanying pages I will show the impacts of corrosive downpour on: Impact on Trees and Soils Impact on Lakes and Aquatic Systems Impact on Materials Impact on Atmosphere Impact on Architecture Impact on Humans Impact on Trees and Soils One of the most genuine effects of corrosive precipitation is on backwoods and soils. Incredible harm is finished at the point when sulfuric corrosive falls onto the earth as downpour. Supplements present in the dirts are washed away. Aluminum additionally present in the dirt is liberated and the foundations of trees can ingest this harmful component. In this way, the trees are famished to death as they are denied of their indispensable supplements, for example, calcium also, magnesium. Not the entirety of the sulfur dioxide is changed over to sulfuric corrosive. Actually, a considerable sum can drift into the air, move over to another territory and come back to the dirts unconverted. As this gas returns back to earth, it stops up the stomata in the leaves, in this manner blocking photosynthesis. Exploration has been made where red tidy seedlings were splashed with various blends of sulfuric and nitric corrosive of pH extending from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were seen to create earthy colored injuries. In the long run, the needles tumble off. It was additionally discovered that new needles developed all the more gradually at higher groupings of corrosive utilized. Since the rate at which the needles were falling was more prominent than the rate at which they were recharged, photosynthesis was incredibly influenced, The genuine manner by which these needles were executed is as yet not yet known. Be that as it may, examines have indicated that calcium and magnesium supplements are washed away from their coupling destinations at the point when sulfuric corrosive enters the framework. They are supplanted by futile hydrogen molecules and this restrains photosynthesis. Impact on Lakes and Aquatic Systems One of the immediate impacts of corrosive downpour is on lakes and its amphibian biological systems. There are a few courses through which acidic synthetic substances can enter the lakes. Some synthetic substances exist as dry particles noticeable all around while others enter the lakes as wet particles, for example, downpour, day off, hail, dew or haze. Likewise, lakes can nearly be thought of as the sinks of the earth, where downpour that falls ashore is depleted through the sewage frameworks inevitably advance into the lakes. Corrosive downpour that falls onto the earth washes off the supplements out of the dirt and conveys poisonous metals that have been discharged from the dirt into the lakes. Another hurtful manner by which acids can enter the lakes is spring corrosive stun. At the point when snow dissolves in spring quickly because of an unexpected temperature change, the acids and synthetics in the snow are discharged into the dirts. The dissolved snow at that point runs off to streams and streams, and bit by bit advance into the lakes. The presentation of these acids and synthetic concoctions into the lakes causes an abrupt intense change in the pH of the lakes - thus the term spring corrosive stun. The oceanic biological system has no an ideal opportunity to conform to the unexpected change. What's more, springtime is a particularly defenseless an ideal opportunity for some oceanic species since this is the ideal opportunity for proliferation for creatures of land and water, fish and bugs. A significant number of these species lay their eggs in the water to bring forth. The abrupt pH change is perilous in light of the fact that the acids can cause genuine disfigurements in their young or even obliterate the entire species since the youthful of a large number of such species spend a noteworthy piece of their life cycle in

Relationships and Human Behavior Perspectives Essay

Evaluating human practices from alternate points of view, including the five principle viewpoints of natural, learning, social and social, psychological, and psychodynamic impacts, can once in a while shed light on why people act the manner in which they do. Utilizing these viewpoints to survey how connections start, create, and are kept up can give a more profound comprehension and setting of this wonder. Confining adoration associations with these alternate points of view additionally assists with indicating how the viewpoints themselves vary or are comparable according to how they think about connections as being framed and kept up. The natural viewpoint battles that inborn causes drive human conduct. In particular, this point of view expresses that the activities of the sensory system and hereditary heredity lead to various sorts of conduct (McLeod, 2007). From this point of view, hormonal responses and sentiments of support in the mind that are related with a specific individual lead individuals to begin connections (McLeod, 2007). Moreover, the relationship is kept up on the grounds that people want to recreate and give their own hereditary material to their posterity, and so as to drive this inclination, the cerebrum keeps on activating sentiments of joy and hormonal discharges to fortify the relationship between a given individual and positive sentiments (McLeod, 2007). This point of view is to some degree novel from different ones by they way it sees connections, since it guarantees that exceptional intellectual procedures are not even vital for a relationship to last; rather, just biochemical procedures a re required. The following kind of point of view, the learning viewpoint, guarantees that learning through affiliation prompts explicit practices, and that people will for the most part figure out how to authorize practices that they see are remunerated (Mikkelson and Pauley, 2013). From this point of view, people structure connections since they see different connections, for example, those of their folks, remotely compensated, and come to relate the idea of â€Å"love† with remuneration. The prizes that one gets from a relationship, for example, consideration, empathy, or even monetary security, are related with â€Å"love† over the long run, which fortifies the relationship and makes individuals more probable toâ maintain a relationship after they have been associated with it for quite a while (Mikkelson and Pauley, 2013). Like the organic point of view, the learning viewpoint esteems relationship conduct as something past humans’ cognizant control and doesn't really require cognizant idea, in spite of the fact that the learning viewpoint doesn't profess to know the inside procedures that drive it, and it requires that people have at any rate the capacity to learn with the end goal for them to be associated with connections (Mikkelson and Pauley, 2013). Social and social points of view guarantee that people are instilled with what comprises â€Å"right† conduct through socialization. Since individuals experience childhood, by and large, in families with wedded guardians, or if nothing else where the guardians date others, youngsters learn at an early stage that connections are satisfactory, yet really alluring (McLeod, 2007). This thought is additionally fortified through messages given to the kid through the media, their companions and other relatives, and a great many people they interact with, every one of whom regard â€Å"love† to be probably the most significant standard an individual can accomplish. People accordingly search out connections in their high schooler years since they have been informed that it is a constructive goal to endeavor toward, and they are additionally strengthened in their perspectives by their accomplice and other people who know them subsequent to dating or getting hitched, which drives the individual to proceed with their relationship (McLeod, 2007). This point of view is not normal for the learning and organic viewpoints in that it doesn't depend on reflexes or natural drives, however rather requires complex idea, and, additionally, socialization; an individual living outside of society would almost certainly want to be seeing someone, to this point of view. The subjective point of view guarantees that human idea is the thing that drives all conduct. In this sense, at that point, people enter connections since they consider connections to be something that they want, and which will give them some kind of happiness or compensation for searching out (Mikkelson and Pauley, 2013). On the off chance that they find that they do get some sort of advantage from dating an individual, they will settle on the choice to build up the relationship further, becoming familiar with the individual and maybe in any event, getting hitched, on the off chance that they accept that they are adequately perfect with the other individual for theâ relationship to last and keep on being fulfilling (Mikkelson and Pauley, 2013). This point of view, similar to the social and social viewpoint, is exceptionally dependent on human idea as a driver of connections, yet the psychological point of view considers connections an individual decision as opposed to a consequence of cultural weight. Finally, the psychodynamic point of view fights that conduct is because of communications between the cognizant and the inner mind. A relationship may start on the grounds that an individual from the other gender may help a person to remember the caring relationship they had with their folks, however so as to sublimate the wrong want for one’s guardians, the individual searches out a relationship with an individual outside of their family. The relationship is kept up in light of the fact that it gives the individual sense of self satisfaction (McLeod, 2007). Like the psychological and social viewpoints, the psychodynamic point of view depicts connections as far as human idea and subjective movement, yet dissimilar to those different points of view, the psychodynamic standpoint accepts that people are will undoubtedly go into connections, since it attributes the conduct to intrinsic drives. In this sense, the psychodynamic point of view is to some degree like the natural viewpoint. These alternate points of view, at that point, can give various kinds of understanding into human connections. References McLeod, S. (2007). Brain science Perspectives. Recovered from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Mikkelson, A. C., and Pauley, P. M. (2013). Amplifying Relationship Possibilities: Relational Maximization in Romantic Relationships. Diary Of Social Psychology, 153(4), 467-485. doi:10.1080/00224545.2013.767776

How Shareable Content is Going to Revolutionize Your Business

How Shareable Content is Going to Revolutionize Your Business In 1996, Microsoft founder Bill Gates wrote an essay entitled Content is King. In it, he posits that Content is where I expect much of the real money will be made on the Internet, just as it was in broadcasting.And Gates wasnt wrong. According to some of the most recent statistics available in the field of content marketing and creation:90% of all organizations use content in their marketing efforts82% of consumers feel more positive about a company after reading custom content70% of consumers feel closer to a company as a result of content marketing60% of consumers enjoy reading relevant content from brandsOnline marketing, including social media marketing, can revolutionize the way you spread the word about your business. Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash.However, there is more to creating great content than simply putting words on a page and publishing them online. In his exploration of the future of online content, Gates noted that, If people are to be expected to put up with tu rning on a computer to read a screen, they must be rewarded with deep and extremely up-to-date information that they can explore at will. They need to have audio, and possibly video. They need an opportunity for personal involvement that goes far beyond that offered through the letters-to-the-editor pages of print magazines.In his essay, Gates foretold the struggle of the print industry in that consumers have gravitated toward online consumption of news, books, and magazines. Beyond the added benefit of video and audio, online content is readily available wherever and whenever a consumer has the time and desire to access it. There is a reward for accessing content online and for the most part, its instant gratification.However, its this concept that is the secret to creating shareable content that will revolutionize your business. Your content needs to be rewarding for your audience to read, and it has to offer something they cant get from print advertising alone. It needs to encour age active involvement and engagement with a companys core philosophy and business goals and it needs to offer the reader something in exchangeâ€"important information to ease the stress of their daily lives, insider tips and how-to advice, or a story/idea that encourages or inspires them. They will, in turn, want to share this contentâ€"hoping it will help someone else as much as it has helped themâ€"and thats how a businesss reputation grows. This inspiring, educational, rewarding content is the kind of content that will prove to be king in your marketing efforts.The cost of content marketingIf your marketing budget is already stretched thin, it might be difficult to imagine the additional cost of paying content creators to help build your online audience. However, your marketing strategy could, in fact, need a complete overhaul because focusing more on shareable online content is going to help you in two ways. First, it will help you save money, since the latest statistics show t hat content marketing costs an average of 62% less than traditional marketing. In fact, per dollar spent, content marketing generates approximately 3 times as many leads as traditional marketing. Second, its going to increase your leads, since statistics show that, on average, companies with blogs produce a 67% increase in leads per month.Buyer personaIf youre convinced its time to revolutionize the way you market your business, the first step you need to take to make the most out of content marketing is to create a buyer persona. A buyer persona is a fictional representation of your average customer, including demographics, education level, demands and purchasing habits. It provides an overview of the type of customer your content should engage and will help your content writers understand the audience they should be reaching, along with what appeals to that audience.Magazines and other publications do this same type of study to determine who their audience is, their media consumpt ion habits, and the type of stories that would be most appealing to their readership. Successful publications have fine-tuned exactly who reads their content and previously published content that has received the most positive response.In many cases, businesses will have several buyer personas to consider, meaning that there are multiple customer or client types to focus on for content marketing strategy. There might also be an negative persona, meaning a customer type you dont want to attract.Creating buyer personas can strengthen your online marketing strategy and help you pinpoint your audience. Photo by Campaign Creators on Unsplash.While they might sound complicated, buyer personas are easy to create, although it can be time-consuming to go through the process. In most cases, interviews are required (with former and current customers) and youll need to spend some time organizing and extrapolating the data from interviews when they have been completed. If you are feeling overwhe lmed with the idea, this article offers a detailed explanation of what a buyer persona is, how to create one, and a free template you can download and use in the process of doing so.Blogging for businessSo, now that weve established the power of content marketing and how to narrow it to the right audience, lets look at what goes into creating content that is shareable. As a general rule, you want to make sure the content your business publishes meets the following criteria:It should be high-quality, relevant and interestingIt should hold your readers attentionIt should improve customer loyalty to your business or brandThe good news is: If you can manage to meet the first two criteria, the last one will be a given. High-quality content that is interesting is the type of content your audience will want to share, whether through email or on social media. By doing so, your business name is connected to a positive message that makes someones day better, whether through helpful tips or re minders to slow down and enjoy the present moment. This kind of messaging strategy will automatically make your audience feel more personally connected to your business or brand.Some engaging content ideas include an article that:Spotlights an employee and his/her hobbiesTells the story of your companyOffers advice related to your companys product or service (for example, if you run a home-cleaning business, you might provide content on tips for keeping your home tidy during hectic times or best cleaning products on the market.)Breaks down complicated information or data from studies conducted that are related to your business or serviceDetails your companys involvement with a local charity or nonprofitOffers a fun contest, such as customer-submitted photos, essays, recipes, etc.Social mediaWhen it comes to increasing brand awareness and attracting more customers, you really cant beat the popularity and cost-effectiveness of social media marketing. The Pew Research Center found that nearly seven-in-ten Americans now use social media. Although social media is especially popular among younger adults (86% of 18- to 29-year-olds are social media users), adults ages 30-49 (80%) and 50-64 (64%) use social media, as well.Your content strategy on social media should be to share the many facets of your business with your potential, present, and future clients. It should present a well-rounded glimpse of what your business offers and the overall philosophy or worldview you embrace in your company culture. You can do this through a variety of different posts, including:Links to your recently (or previously) published blog articlesAnnouncements of special events or open houses for your businessSales, doorbusters, special offers or coupons your business is offeringContests with prizes (this is a great way to encourage your followers to share your post, especially if you make it a requirement for contest entry)Although social media content is part of your businesss overall content marketing strategy, its a separate entity and should be treated as such if you want to be successful at it. Doing it right requires creating an editorial/publication schedule ahead of time and keeping it on track. It also requires consistent monitoring to ensure your brand reputation isnt compromised by spam, foul language, or other potential issues.

Observational Taxonomy for Children - 1342 Words

Observational taxonomy as it relates to the nature of early social interaction, is a classification system that uses a code of different behaviors that are seen when observing children during play and non-play and is further divided into cognitive and social categories. Amongst the many theorists, Mildred Parten and Jean Piaget are significant to the field of early observational studies comprising of children in the free play atmosphere. Parten asserted that social participation amongst preschool aged children amplified as the child’s age increased (Parten 1932). To support her logic she categorized play into six distinct categories of social participation which include unoccupied behavior, solitary play, onlooker behavior, parallel play,†¦show more content†¦This vision is brought to life as their children are guided to question, hypothesize, solve problems, and express themselves creatively (Department of Human Development). The fascinating teachers at the CYC respect and apprehend the individuality of each child they come across. The main objective of this paper is to fully compare the social expansion of two arbitrary children while critically analyzing their participation in solitary and group activities, and their technique of interacting with the teacher and other adults in the classroom setting. Robert and Ariel both 3  ½- 4 years were observed at the Center for Young Children, UMCP for 15minutes each with 15 other students and 3 adults; one head teacher and 2 assistant. Robert playing by himself grabbed a piece of construction paper and is drawing a picture. He hands it to the teacher to hold so that he can cut through it. He is laughing while cutting through the paper and interacting with the teacher the entire time. Robert is playing with the glue bottle; he keeps stacking and throwing it down. Teacher tells him it is not the right thing to do. Robert continues to laugh and knock down the glue bottle. He finds this amusing as he giggles and laughs while the teacher is talking to him. The teacher is explaining to him that if other kids see him doingShow MoreRelatedBloom s Taxonomy Assessment Observation1134 Words   |  5 Pages Bloom’s Taxonomy Assessment Observation Observation Setting I observed a teacher at the Salem Preschool on Tuesday, October 24, 2017. The time was around 10:05, which is Circle Time. Observational Assessment Questions 1. Did you notice someone is absent today? Who is it? This is an example of an analyzing question because the students were being asked to study their surroundings to figure out who did not come to class that morning. 2. What’s the first month of theRead MoreThe Perspectives Of Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto its inclusion of motivation, memory and attention. This style of learning was depicted clearly through the 1961 Bobo doll experiment, here Bandura has models show violence to a portion of the 72 children selected, this aggression was replicated by the children, confirming the process of observational learning (Nolan, 2009). Ultimately this can be translated onto the ambulance service by poor clinical practice, the student may replicate this, accepted by the weaker clinician and when challengedRead MoreBehavioral Learning Child Development Observation1597 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Theories of child development can be tied to particular philosophical groundings of the major schools of psychology. This paper will provide the basis for the application of behavioral learning theory to an observation of three children in a natural context. A discussion of the rationale for choosing behavioral learning theory over cognitive, contextual, psychodynamic, or social-cognitive learning precedes the explication of behavioral learning theory. As summary of notes and conclusionsRead MoreThe Field of Social Psychology Used to Develop a Personal Theory2101 Words   |  8 Pagesimproves the overall psychological affect of the individual within the context of his or her social interactions. In this regard, this project first examines several core theories within the field of social psychology. These core theories are: observational learning theory, self-perception theory, drive theory and attribution theory. Subsequently, these theories are discussed in the context of a personal theory of social psychology and applied to a real-world scenario. The real-world scenario thatRead MoreProfessional Development : A Teacher s Recognition Of Individual Learning Styles1960 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopment Theory, and Humanistic Theory. Behaviourist Learning Theory suggests that behaviour is influenced by environmental factors (Gross and Kinninson, 2012). This can be further categorised into classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Pavlov (1927), Watson (1930), Skinner (1938), and Bandura (1971), predominantly researched into these theories. They each offered significant evaluation from their research. Ivan Pavlov and John Watson both researched and developed theRead MoreEssay on Basic Concepts in Attachment Theory2804 Words   |  12 Pagessecurity. This system is first evident early in life as children interact with their primary caregiver. When they are physically or psychologically threatened, children turn to their caregiver for comfort, and ideally their caregiver responds with immediate, positive, and consistent support. In reality, of course, caregivers do not always respond in ways that children expect. On the basis of their accumulated experiences with caregivers, children develop mental representations, or internal working modelsRead MoreChild Observation Report Essay example1832 Words   |  8 Pagesencourage positive attitudes toward other children, and more importantly, learn to interact with people around them in the contemporary world. However, art for young students often takes many diversified approaches and emphasizing questionable practices. Observation is a p art of meaningful and authentic early childhood art education. Observation enriches children’s experiences in their environment, gives them motivation to study, interact with other children and follow the practices of their adultRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosexual Stages Of Development And Costa And Mccrae s Five Factor Model2237 Words   |  9 Pagesand any similarities found. The key strength of Costa and McCrae’s model was providing a detailed and structured analysis of personality that is scientifically based however was limited in explaining the origin of Judy’s personality. Freud’s observational method using the Rorschach has little scientific evidence however his theory did provide explanations for how Jane’s personality developed. While there were many differences some similarities were also found with the most interesting that finalRead MoreGorilla Gorillas And Western Lowland Gorilla Essay1991 Words   |  8 PagesGorilla, withi n the Suborder Haplorhini (Table 1). G. gorilla gorilla is found in Central to Western Africa in lowlands, swamps, and tropical and subtropical forests (San Diego Zoo Global 2006; World Wildlife Fund n.d.a.). Table 1. G. gorilla gorilla Taxonomy Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hominidae Genus Gorilla Species G. gorilla Subspecies G. gorilla gorilla Source: Primate Info Net (Cawthon Lang 2005) Western lowland gorillas are sexually dimorphic with theRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesconcerned for the health and well-being of infants and children. Were they interested to the same degree in the psychology of infants and children? For example, did they understand that children are psychologically different from adults? If yes, how did they show this? If no, how did they show this? Explain your answer. ïÆ'  They showed kids in pictures dressed like adults; faces and bodies were like adults. E.g. Phillip Aries â€Å"small children at play† 3. One of the most famous speeches in Shakespeare’s

Standardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest I Do Not...

Standardize Testing Being completely honest I do not know much about standardized test. I remember having to take them as a student in elementary and junior high. I knew that I would not be receiving a letter grade on these test. I remember never stressing about taking the test. To be honest if I did not understand the question I was the kid that just made a design on the answer sheet. I absolutely was not aware of the reasoning or purpose of test. As a parent, I see my kids stress out about taking the standardize test. As a parent this concerns me. I don t know about you, I don t want my kiddo stressing out about a standardize test. I need to know about these test. How did they come about, what is the purpose, does standardize test benefit students, teachers or schools and are they truly beneficial to my child s education. Standardize test are a result from that No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The NCLB became a law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. The reason for NCLB was a growing concern that the American education system was no longer internationally competitive ­Ã‚ ­ - significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. (Klein, 2015). NCLB purpose is to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments. This purpose can beShow MoreRelatedStandardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest, I Do Not Know About Standardized Test1363 Words   |  6 PagesStandardize Testing Being completely honest, I do not know much about standardized test. I remember having to take them as a student in elementary and junior high. I knew that I would not be receiving a letter grade on these tests. I remember never stressing about taking the test. To be honest if I did not understand the question I was the kid that just made a design on the answer sheet. I absolutely was not aware of the reasoning or purpose of tests. As a parent, I see my kids stress out about takingRead MoreCode Of Ethics Is Absolutely Essential For Every Education Major1297 Words   |  6 Pagescode is labeled Standard 1: Legal Compliance. This code states that an educator must abide by state, federal, and local laws and includes but is not limited to the conviction of a felony, crimes involving moral turpitude; including anything having to do with the sale or possession of drugs, and sexual crimes such as trafficking or assault. If educators fail to follow the law, they are at risk of losing their certificate and will most likely have to be proven guilty or not guilty in order to determineRead MoreEssay on Feasability of Self-Assessment in ESL Classrooms3368 Words   |  14 Pagescomponents of the education. Traditional exams and tests are mostly based on materials taught in the course to meet predetermined objectives. They cannot assess whether or not learners can apply it. To truly understand some new ideas, students need to apply it. My experience as an English teacher provides some ideas to frame my discussion of assessment. Although many teachers think that the scores of the exams and the tests are objective and cannot be wrong, I think that these scores are uncertain they needRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )2303 Words   |  10 Pagesa relatively vague illness, and this sort of variance is frightening. Without any stability in these areas, the impression of ADHD becomes more and more unclear. As someone who has been diagnosed with ADHD, yet does not feel affected by the illness; I believe clarifying the mystery that is ADHD is enormously important and both the public perception and academic research play a role in this. From the beginning of each article, the differences in genres stick out. For the popular articles, the titlesRead MoreToo Far Ahead of the It6117 Words   |  25 Pagesconsensus about Peachtree Healthcare’s long-term aims and how best to achieve them. Paul—like other board members and some in Max’s management inner circle—was applying constant pressure on Max to follow the example of others in the health care industry: Push ahead on standards and on the systems and processes to support them. â€Å"You’ve got all the hospitals doing things differently. You’ve got incompatible technology that’s held together by sweat and ingenuity and, possibly, prayer. Just do what otherRead MoreToyota - a Brief History10847 Words   |  44 PagesToyota and Why It Is So Successful The History of Toyota For organizational convenience I will discuss Toyota history as follows: †¢ The start †¢ The 1940s †¢ The 1950s †¢ Etc. The start. The Toyota Motor Corp. (TMC) had its beginning in 1933 when it was established as a division within the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. The founder of Toyota was Kiichiro Toyoda (1894–1952), the son of Sakichi Toyoda (1867–1930). The values that have underpinned Toyota success startedwith Sakichi who was the sonRead MoreGrading System Rationale6250 Words   |  25 Pageseducators than those associated with grading and reporting student learning. Despite the many debates and multitudes of studies, however, prescriptions for best practice remain elusive. Although teachers generally try to develop grading policies that are honest and fair, strong evidence shows that their practices vary widely, even among those who teach at the same grade level within the same school. In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of teachers. It involves the collectionRead MoreA Concise Guide to Market Research Using Spss71933 Words   |  288 Pagesnoses, 7% to clean mirrors, 3% to clean children’s faces and hands, and 8% use it to remove make-up. Further research led Procter Gamble to believe that the optimal tissue color is blue/yellow and that the package needed to be cubic. Advertising tests showed that the Charmin bear worked well, giving the product an emotional appeal. In the end, Procter Gamble launched Charmin successfully in an already saturated market. In order to gain useful consumer insights, which allowed the company to optimizeRead MoreEmployee Retention Techniques in Wipro9775 Words   |  40 Pages ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all those who helped me in the completion of this study. This work is the result of direct and indirect cooperation of various persons to whom, I wish to express my gratitude. It is my proud prerogative to place on record my sincere thanks to I am highly indebted to my faculty guide Mr. GAURAV GUPTA who despite his busy schedule , took out time and helped me with his valuable inputs form time to time . I am highly indebtedRead MoreThe reddit study guide9469 Words   |  38 Pages---------------------------------------------------------------- Good students: How do you go about getting good grades? [Serious]  (self.AskReddit) submitted  1 day ago  *  by  irollon ---------------------------------------------------------------- 18 July 14, Friday Asked by irollon Collated by Salticido Exported to Word by SailboatoMD Contents # Topic Contributor Page Remarks 1 GOAT ME Salticido 2 + Summary 2 Study/Test Environment lshdevanarchist 7 3 Feel the Teacher Hawkian

Night Stalker Free Essays

Ricardo â€Å"Richard† Munoz Ramirez born February 28, 1960 is a convicted serial killer and is awaiting execution on California’s death row. Before his capture, Ramirez was dubbed the â€Å"Night Stalker† by the mass media. Munoz’s crimes stem from murder to rape and home invasion, his first victim was on April 10, 1984, 9-year-old Mei Leung was found dead in a hotel basement where Ramirez was living at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Stalker or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ramirez’s DNA was matched to DNA obtained at the 1984 crime scene in 2009. On June 28, 1984, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found dead in her apartment. She had been stabbed repeatedly, and her throat was slashed so severely she was almost decapitated. On February 21, 1985, Sisters Christina and Mary Caldwell, aged 58 and 71, were found dead in their home. They each were stabbed dozens of times. On March 17, 1985, Ramirez attacked 22-year-old Angela Barrios outside her home. He shot her before entering her house. Inside was Dayle Okazaki, age 34, who Ramirez immediately shot and killed. Within an hour of killing Okazaki, Ramirez again attacked 30-year-old Tsai-Lian Yu, he pulled her out of her car onto the road. He shot her several times and fled. The two attacks occurring on the same day sparked media attention, and caused panic and fear among the public. On March 27, Ramirez shot Vincent Zazzara, age 64, and his wife Maxine, age 44. Mrs. Zazzara’s body was mutilated with several stab wounds. Bullets found at the scene were matched to those found at previous attacks, and the police realized a serial killer was on the loose. Two months after killing the Zazarra couple, Ramirez attacked a Chinese couple: Harold Wu, age 66, who was shot in the head, and his wife, Jean Wu, age 63, who was punched, bound, and then violently raped. On May 29, 1985, Ramirez attacked Malvial Keller, 83, and her disabled sister, Blanche Wolfe, 80, beating each with a hammer. Ramirez attempted to rape Keller, but failed. The next day, Ruth Wilson, 41, was bound, raped, and sodomized by Ramirez, while her 12-year-old son was locked in a closet. Ramirez slashed Wilson once, and then bound her and her son together, and left. On June 2, 1985 Edward Wildgans, 29, was shot and killed by Ramirez. His girlfriend was raped several times by Ramirez but survived. On July 5, sixteen-year-old Whitney Bennett survived after being beaten with a tire iron by Ramirez. On July 7, Linda Fortuna, 63, was attacked and Ramirez tried to rape her, but failed. On July 20, he again struck twice he shot and killed a 32-year-old man, Chitat Assawahem, and his wife Sakima, 29, was beaten and forced to perform oral intercourse. Later in the same day a Glendale couple, Maxson Kneiding, 66, and his wife Lela, also 66, were shot and killed. On August 6, Ramirez shot both Christopher Petersen, 38, and his wife, Virginia, 27, in the head. Amazingly, they both survived. On August 8, Ramirez attacked a couple, fatally shooting Ahmed Zia, 35, before raping Zia’s wife, Suu Kyi, 28. Ramirez then left Los Angeles area, and on August 17, he shot to death a 66-year-old man in San Francisco, also shooting and beating his wife. The wife survived her wounds and was able to identify her attacker from police sketches as the attacker from other similar previous attacks. August 24, 1985, Ramirez traveled broke apartment of Bill Carns, 29, and his fiancee, Inez Erickson, 27. Ramirez shot Carns in the head and raped Erickson. Munoz had stolen the couple’s car and was found on August 28, and police were able to obtain one fingerprint that was on the mirror of the vehicle. The prints belonged to Richard Munoz Ramirez, who was described as a 25-year-old drifter from Texas with a long rap sheet that included many arrests for traffic and illegal drug violations. Two days later, his mugshots were broadcast on national television and printed on the cover of every major newspaper in California. The next day Ramirez was identified, chased, surrounded, and severely beaten by an angry mob in East Los Angeles as he was trying to steal a car. Police had to break up the mob to prevent them from killing Ramirez. On September 20, 1989, he was found guilty of 13 counts of murder, 5 attempted murders, 11 sexual assaults and 14 burglaries. During the penalty phase of the trial on November 7, 1989, he was sentenced to die in California’s gas chamber. The trial of Richard Ramirez was one of the most difficult and longest criminal trials in American history, taking over four years to finalize. Almost 1,600 prospective jurors were interviewed. More than one hundred witnesses testified, and while a number of witnesses had a difficult time recalling certain facts four years after the crimes, others were quite certain of the identity of Richard Ramirez. References The Night Stalker by Philip Carlo pg. 191 ch. 20 â€Å"I’M YOUR NIGHT PROWLER: Interview with Richard Ramirez† (Interview). FEAST OF HATE AND FEAR. Issue 6: FEAST OF HATE AND FEAR. 1996. http://listography. com/showder/serial_killers. /the_victims_of_richard_ram%C3% How to cite Night Stalker, Papers

Customer Retention in Hospitality Industry Free Sample

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Retention in Hospitality Industryfor Hilton Hotel. Answer: Introduction This section of the research study involves review of the secondary sources of information on the topic of research from the journals on the research issue, blogs, earlier researches, online texts, industry databases and published articles to aid the development of a theoretical perspective about the variables of the study. In the service sector of hospitality, customer as the end user of the service is the fulcrum of all business strategies and decisions, hence its retention is of paramount importance to augur organisational success and growth in the market competition. Therefore through the review of the established theories and perspectives on the issue of customer retention, a critical analysis of the various facets of customer retention, its significance and implications in the service sector of hospitality would form part of the study in this section. The case study organisation of Hilton Hotel has been confronting hurdles lately in its customer relationship management leading to a loss of customers, thus making it pertinent to conduct the present research so that a comprehensive awareness can be developed about the issue of customer retention, and recommendations can be formulated on the basis of findings to help the brand retain its global reputation among its clientele. Hilton Hotel has a strong brand presence in over 90 countries with a staggering number of 4000 properties. The brand gained immense global popularity due to its utilisation as the integrative force behind many films and television serials. The brand boasts of over 150,000 employees and is known for its endowment of its workforce relationship along with a sound relationship with its customers. Customer Retention in Hospitality Sector Customer retention according to Osman, Hemmington and Bowie, (2009) is the prime cause for the sustainability of the hospitality organisations as the prime objective of the hospitality sector centres around fructification of the goals desired by the customers. On the face of stiff emerging global competitiveness, the marketing activities tend to reveal a downwards slide making it almost imperative for the hoteliers to adopt a stable and modern marketing strategy that involves incorporation of programs that aims at the development of customer loyalty towards the respective brand. Generation of customer loyalty as stated by Yoo, Lee and Bai, (2011), in the current hospitality industry scenario makes customer acquisition and retention the prime focus for long run sustainability in the market competition. Not only attracting the new set of customers is mandatory for the maintenance of a steady flow of revenue and profits from the business but maintaining the old customers are equally vit al for the growth of the enterprise. The hotel industry as stated by Grissemann, Plank and Brunner-Sperdin, (2013), survives purely on the basis of customer retention since it concerns repeated purchase of services and products of the similar nature over a specific period of time. Hence the business activity of customer retention is given more importance in the hospitality sector than the other industries. It is after all the increasing number of loyalists towards a hotel brand that makes the particular business sustainable in the market competition. The loyal customers are the ones who promote the brand of hospitality through word of mouth publicity and sharing of their experiences thus enhancing viral marketing for the respective brand (N. Torres and Kline, 2013). This in turn helps in gaining new customers. In the changing market scenario flooded with umpteen opportunities for the discerning customers to choose the hospitality experience that suite the best of his needs, it has b ecome a literal challenge to retain customers since the substitutes are more and the customers are in look out for similar or enhanced service features within an affordable price. Factors Influencing Customer Retention The most crucial factor that influences a customer to come back to a particular hotel time and again is the degree of satisfaction that he gets during his stay in the property. It is more often than not the quality of service that matters the most in creating a loyal base of customers as has been pointed out by Ladhari, (2009). The factor of customer loyalty not only enhances the business of a hospitality brand manifold but also helps the organisation in its pricing strategy, since the loyalists would not cringe to pay premium price for enhanced levels of satisfaction. There are several other factors such as customer relationship management, brand image and technological advancements that play an important part in retaining the customers of hospitality organisations. The issue of customer retention is of global importance and therefore the premium hotel brands like Hilton, Marriott etc has invested time, efforts and economic resources in developing the customer experiences, the rappo rt with the customers and in delivering customised services to their valued clients. The adoption of value added customer recognition and identification systems by several hospitality brands has tremendously helped in retaining the customers because these visitors get more attenuated to the recognition and respect in such hotels. The planning of operational strategies according to Han, Kim and Hyun, (2011), is crucial for the hotels since on one hand while a certain set of customers look for price or variety, the other half of customers simply look for quality of service. Thus adopting the fundamental principle of addressing the specific demand and needs of the customers can only result in customer retention and gaining of competitive advantage in the long run. Relationships Between Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, Service Quality and Perceived Value in Hospitality Industry In the research conducted by Hu, Kandampully and Juwaheer, (2009), in a sporting club hotel on the topic of evolution of element of customer satisfaction, it was found that adoption of a structured model of customer relationship management has intensified the satisfaction level of the customers. In the domain of interrelationship and correlation between the components of customer satisfaction, service quality, performance of the hotels and management of human resources, the study by Tajeddini, (2010), contributed considerably in reshaping and empowering the process of quality of service in a hotel through the five dimensions of empathy, assurance, tangibility, responsiveness and reliability. The study reflected the aspects of impact of human resource over customer satisfaction and quality of service along with the impact of the quality of service over the satisfaction of customers, thereby emphasising on the role of customer satisfaction towards the organisational performance. A rese arch conducted on the hotels in the Penang district of Malaysia by Mohammed and Rashid, (2012) for recognising the correlation that exists between customer loyalties, customer satisfaction, quality of service, service standards and perceived value of consumers revealed a substantial degree of influence on the customer satisfaction from the perceived value of consumers, impact of quality of service over the perceived value and how brand loyalty results from customer satisfaction. A thorough research by Dominici and Guzzo, (2010), on the topic of the effect of quality of service on the hospitality sector stated a strong connection between customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and service quality. An experiment by Amin et al, (2013), focusing on the connection between customer loyalty, satisfaction and service quality in the process of repetitive service usage depicted that the quality of service is burdened by the effect of sensitivity, compassion and guarantee which as a consequenc e makes it responsive towards satisfaction of customers. It is the degree of satisfaction that is instrumental in intermittently pulling the consumer towards the property. The growth of the hotel industry thus is dependent largely on the aspect of customer satisfaction. The impact of customer satisfaction is hugely dependant on the quality of service delivered by the hotel. Through the process of getting exposed to high quality of service repetitively, the perception of the consumers changes and loyalty results towards the respective brand. Customer Retention Management Creation of customers has been always the sole purpose of any business according to Wu and Lu, (2012), and in the present times it has become quite important that the customers are also retained since the report of N. Torres and Kline, (2013) highlighted the correlation between the increases in net present value of customers to that of an increase in the aspect of customer retention. The report revealed that with a 5% increase in the latter, the former recorded an increase of 25-95%. Like products the customers do have a lifecycle that can be managed by the organisations. On the value ladder the customers climb from the stages of suspect, prospect and first time customers towards a loyal one and ending in the advocating status. In the past the customers were not given much of importance and competing in the growing markets made the companies put lesser focus on the aspect of customer satisfaction. A constant loss and gain of customers resulted in increased costs and it was observed b y Amin et al, (2013) that if such loss or defection of customers can be reduced by 5% then the improvements in the margin of profits can be around 25-100%. Kim, Ng and Kim, (2009) asserted that when the company is able to retain customers for long period of time, it basically means that the same customers are repeatedly acquiring the products in increasing volumes, and are also eager to try new offerings from the brand turning a blind eye towards the competitors, which incidentally is helping the company reduce its cost of marketing and sales, since positive word-of-mouth publicity by the retained customers is helping in growth and promotion of the brand among more and more people. Customer retention thus can be termed as an asset that produces revenue for the firm. Customer retention, if targeted on the section of customers that fall in the low-cost high value bracket becomes a rewarding proposition for the business. Customer value, profitability and customer retention is correlated and purchasers get subjected to the benefits of timely delivery, price, pre and post sales services, quality and convenience through this unique combination as has been highlighted by He, Li and Keung Lai, (2011). The buyers on gaining satisfaction share their experiences and more often than not end up being a loyalist of the brand. The economic benefits of customer retention are lengthened tenure of customers, growth in the volume of purchases and increase in the number of customer referrals. Such benefits result in fall in the maintenance cost of the customers and the replacements costs and an eventual higher price payment by the retained customers which leads to an upswing in the net present value of the customers thus retained. The benefits of customer retention as reiterated by Lee and Way, (2010) states: Cost of customer retention is cheaper than that of acquisition Less cost involved in serving loyal customers over the new ones Improvement of company reputation and attracting new ones through word-of-mouth promotion Price sensitivity is lesser in retained customers than the new ones thus willingness to pay more is higher amongst the former over the latter Likelihood of purchasing greater volumes by retained customers resulting in the increase of revenue for the brand through cross or up-selling. Customer Retention Processes in Hotel Industry LoyaltyPrograms In the competitive global environment the quality of service and satisfaction of the customers have become vital components for hospitality industry to retain its respective market share in its business domain. Mohammed and Rashid, (2012), in their research suggested investment in quality engraining in the delivery and production systems in business to optimise the operational performances. The loyalty or reward programs in the hotel industry are aimed at the establishment profitable and valuable customer segment retention through value additions and increasing of the aspect of satisfaction. A case study conducted by Han and Ryu, (2009), stated that in the early 80s there was a gradual shift among the companies to embrace the concept of customer loyalty as it was observed that customer acquisition was more costly than retention. The study highlighted that success can be gained by the hotels through developments of loyal customer base by delivering better service and product through d isplay of conviction and passion in their hospitable activities. The significance of the customer loyalty programs has not only stiffened the competition between various brands but also their initiatives of building loyalty have developed over time. The implementation of the loyalty programs according to Castellanos-Verdugo et al., (2009), thus have become the benchmark of success and an imperative cost that the hotels indulge in to reap long term growth and success. There are however a number of factors that are dependant for the loyalty program to be effective as these programs serve many purposes like increasing the degree of consumption, retention of the customers and gaining awareness about the customers perspective. The measures of success that are to be included in the loyalty programs must relate to the organisational goals (Abu and Minai, 2009). According to Hu, Kandampully and Juwaheer, (2009), loyal customers are the most valuable assets of any organisation and it is the degree of satisfaction that is received through the relationship which in turn, strengthens the commitment of the customers towards the brand. The research conducted by Tajeddini, (2010), revealed that loyalty programs are perceived as value for money by the customers. The prevalence of reward programs in the service sector of hospitality was observed from the year 2000. The financial performance of the companies in the long run competition is positively influenced by the incremental degree of loyalty and customer satisfaction as has been suggested by Ladhari, (2009). In the service sector of hospitality, the aspect of switching the service providers by customers is dependent on multifarious factors such as failure of core services, inconvenience, price, ethical problems and competition. However in the re-emphasised study of Dominici and Guzzo, (2010), it was pointed out that decision of repurchase was influenced by the factors of price and most importantly the prior levels of satisfaction. A marked enthusiasm has been observed lately among the hotel sector customers to embrace the loyalty programs despite its more than a few decades long existence. As all customers aim to receive value for their money, it becomes quite challenging to guarantee satisfaction to all of them but the efficacy of enhanced levels of brand loyalty from high degree of customer satisfaction cannot be overlooked in the practice and theory of customer retention (Han, Kim and Hyun, 2011). Chapter Summary The review of the literature thus has highlighted the facts and information about the causes, effects, implications and interrelationships between the various facets of customer retention namely, loyalty, satisfaction, perceived value, quality of service and management of retention in general as well as the in the context of the hotel industry. It has also stated the importance of managing the customer retention initiatives through the designing of loyalty programs so that success and growth can be ensured to the hotel brands in the market competition. References Han, H., Kim, W. and Hyun, S.S., 2011. Switching intention model development: Role of service performances, customer satisfaction, and switching barriers in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(3), pp.619-629. Dominici, G. and Guzzo, R., 2010. Customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: a case study from Sicily. Ladhari, R., 2009. Service quality, emotional satisfaction, and behavioural intentions: A study in the hotel industry. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 19(3), pp.308-331. Tajeddini, K., 2010. Effect of customer orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on innovativeness: Evidence from the hotel industry in Switzerland. Tourism Management, 31(2), pp.221-231. Hu, H.H., Kandampully, J. and Juwaheer, T.D., 2009. Relationships and impacts of service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and image: an empirical study. The Service Industries Journal, 29(2), pp.111-125. Abu Kasim, N.A. and Minai, B., 2009. Linking CRM strategy, customer performance measures and performance in the hotel industry. International Journal of Economics and Management, 3(2), pp.297-316. Castellanos-Verdugo, M., de los ngeles Oviedo-Garca, M., Roldn, J.L. and Veerapermal, N., 2009. The employee-customer relationship quality: Antecedents and consequences in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(3), pp.251-274. Han, H. and Ryu, K., 2009. The roles of the physical environment, price perception, and customer satisfaction in determining customer loyalty in the restaurant industry. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 33(4), pp.487-510. Mohammed, A.A. and Rashid, B., 2012. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in Hotel Industry: A framework proposal on the relationship among CRM dimensions, Marketing Capabilities, and Hotel performance.International Review of Management and Marketing,2(4), p.220. Lee, C. and Way, K., 2010. Individual employment characteristics of hotel employees that play a role in employee satisfaction and work retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), pp.344-353. He, Y., Li, W. and Keung Lai, K., 2011. Service climate, employee commitment and customer satisfaction: evidence from the hospitality industry in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(5), pp.592-607. Kim, W.G., Ng, C.Y.N. and Kim, Y.S., 2009. Influence of institutional DINESERV on customer satisfaction, return intention, and word-of-mouth. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(1), pp.10-17. Amin, M., Yahya, Z., Ismayatim, W.F.A., Nasharuddin, S.Z. and Kassim, E., 2013. Service quality dimension and customer satisfaction: an empirical study in the Malaysian hotel industry. Services Marketing Quarterly, 34(2), pp.115-125. Torres, E. and Kline, S., 2013. From customer satisfaction to customer delight: Creating a new standard of service for the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), pp.642-659. Wu, S.I. and Lu, C.L., 2012. The relationship between CRM, RM, and business performance: A study of the hotel industry in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), pp.276-285. Osman, H., Hemmington, N. and Bowie, D., 2009. A transactional approach to customer loyalty in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(3), pp.239-250. Grissemann, U., Plank, A. and Brunner-Sperdin, A., 2013. Enhancing business performance of hotels: The role of innovation and customer orientation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, pp.347-356. Yoo, M., Lee, S. and Bai, B., 2011. Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: topics, methods, and trends. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(4), pp.517-532.

The gift of the magi, a continuation Essay Example For Students

The gift of the magi, a continuation Essay THE GIFT OF THE MAGIIt was one week from Dellas 30th birthday and Jim didnt have enough money to buy her a present. Well, Jim thought, if I dont have a watch then why should I have a chain for one? So, he sold his watchchain in order to have money for Dellas present. Now, what do I buy Della? he asked himself. I think Ill goto the flea market and look for something, because one little rusty old chain wont buy me very much, Jim statedas he started riding his bicycle to the market. At the market Jim found many things, some very pretty andexpensive, some very pretty and cheap, and some just plain ugly things that had been there awhile and alwayswould be until they were finally thrown away. Omigosh, is that DDDDeeDDDe? Jim stuttered inastonishment. Was what he had seen real? Or was he just jumping to conclusions? Was that really the hair thatDella had sold just 2 years ago? It was, and Jim thought that Della would maybe like it back, so he bought it for 2cents and he was so happy and he thought he had the best present anyone could ever give their girlfriend. Now,Jim thought, will this be a useful gift, and I dont mean in a few years, this time I want to get it right, So Jimthought for two days straight. Finally he came up with an idea, Ill make it into a wig, a girl can never have tomany wigs. So he went to the wig shop, which usually only made those white braided wigs that all the importantmen wore, but the wigmaker made an exception because Jim was a good friend and after all, it was for a girlsbirthday. The wigmaker asked, Are you sure Della will like this present, I mean it is rather odd, and Dellas hairhas already grown twice as long as this. But dont get me wrong, Im not trying to be rude, I mean, well I thinkIll just get started on this wig right away, okay, bye. So Jim left, thinking that the wigmaker was a little out ofhis mind that day. The next day, which was the day before Dellas birthday, the wigmaker called Jim. Hello, Umm, did youwant this wig dyed, or left red? And also, I cant make a wig that fits unless Dellas head is measured, what willyou do to find out without arousing her suspicions? Jim answered uncertainly, Well I guess Ill just have tothats all, and of course not, Dont you dare dye that beautiful color of hair, its the prettiest Ive ever seen. Thewigmaker replied, Okay, but I still need to know her head size very soon in order to finish the hat, are you sureyou like that color? Im not stupid, what I say I want is what I want. Now, I will bring the measurements overas soon as I get them, Jim replied rudely. We will write a custom essay on The gift of the magi, a continuation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Della, Jim replied, breathless from running all the way to the store and back to buy a tape measure, Ineed to get your measurements for something, could you come here? Della obeys thinking maybe a new dress as apresent. What measurements do you need, honey? Della answered in her sweetest voice. Jim said I need to getyour head size for something, thats all. Well, Okay, Della replied surprised at first, and then realized that shemust be getting a hat for her birthday. Later at the wig shop. There, its all finished; do you like it Jim? asked the wigmaker. Jim said, Itsgreat, dont you think? You dont look to sure about it? The wigmaker replied, lying, Its great, after all its thethought that counts, right?. Sure thing Phil, well, gotta go, tomorrows Dellas birthday, are you going to bethere? Sure Jim, Ill be there. Said the wigmaker. .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .postImageUrl , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:hover , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:visited , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:active { border:0!important; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:active , .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9 .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f7ba4b43143ba7356e709548d688bc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayIt is Dellas birthday, all of Jim and Dellas friends are at their home, and she begins to open presents. She will be opening Jims present first. I wonder what it could be? Della claims, quite ecstatically. She untiesthe ribbon, carefully undoes the golden wrapping paper, opens the box, and slowly takes out the tissue paper, pieceby piece. Im really exited, she says as the first piece floats to the floor. I can hardly wait, I know it will begreat, she says as the second tissue is lifted up. This is the last one, its its its a wig!!! Della shoutsloudly and upset. It is just a piece of filthy old hair, worse yet its someone elses who coul d have germs. Howdare you, you, you Jim shouts back, in order to be heard by the roaring of Della, My sweet, its your very ownhair, the hair in which you cut off to buy me a Christmas present, doesnt that mean anything to you? And besides,I thought it was the thought that counted. But Della was to upset to listen to reason. She shouted at him, I hateyou, I really hate you. How dare you give me a worthless rag, get away from me, I never want to see you again, Impacking and leaving tomorrow! As she finished speaking she ran into her bedroom, locked the door, and droppedonto her bed, crying her eyes out. Della left the next day, not even saying goodbye to Jim. Jim was heartbroken. He moved away out of shame for being so dum. For the next 30 years he kept the wig, which had been thrownback in his face by his beloved, and he mourned his loss. He vowed that if he could ever se Della again, he couldmake up for his stupidity. It is 34 years after Della left Jim. Jim had previously been traveling the country, and eventually settledin Dellas home town, hoping that someday she too would return. Lucky for him, she did return, for her 64thbirthday. She wanted to spend it with her brother, David, and his family. David and Jim had been friends eversince they met when Della and Jim started seeing each other. David is how Jim had been keeping tabs on whereDella was. By now, Della was old, gray, with short ugly hair. On Dellas birthday, Jim showed up, with the wighiding in a box. Della opened the door and froze, stunned. Jim, it, its been so long, why are you here? Dellaasked shakily. Jim replied, Well, I have never forgotten you Della, and I still love you and hope you could forgiveme. Actually, I shouldnt have been as cruel to you as I was, but still, that was a dum move, Della said. Jimstated apologetically, It was a stupid present then, but would you take it now? It kinda fits the situation betterdont you thin k? But I am not implying that you look ugly now, If I gave you this I wouldnt want you to wear it ifyour just around me if you didnt want, because I dont think youve changed one bit. Jim says, taking the boxfrom behind him and handing it to Della. She opens it, and its the old wig, but cleaned and groomed of course. Della stutters, I, I, I dont know what to say. I love it, and its true with me also. I have never loved anyone elsebut you. Jim asks, Della, will you marry me? Yes, oh yes, of course I will marry you. Della says as she putson the old wig. Della and Jim lived happily ever after, until 2 years later when they both died together in a terrible carcrash. .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .postImageUrl , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:hover , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:visited , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:active { border:0!important; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:active , .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94 .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1432ecf15847bfa9a68939c7a5d7f94:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus (601 words) EssayCategory: English

Expected Value for Chuck-a-Luck

Expected Value for Chuck-a-Luck Chuck-a-Luck is a game of chance. Three dice are rolled, sometimes in a wire frame. Due to this frame, this game is also called birdcage. This game is more often seen in carnivals rather than casinos. However, due to the use of random dice, we can use probability to analyze this game. More specifically we can calculate the expected value of this game. Wagers There are several types of wagers that are possible to bet on. We will only consider the single number wager. On this wager we simply choose a specific number from one to six. Then we roll the dice. Consider the possibilities. All of the dice, two of them, one of them or none could show the number that we have chosen. Suppose that this game will pay the following: $3 if all three dice match the number chosen.$2 if exactly two dice match the number chosen.$1 if exactly one of the dice matches the number chosen. If none of the dice matches the number chosen, then we must pay $1. What is the expected value of this game? In other words, in the long run how much on average would we expect to win or lose if we played this game repeatedly? Probabilities In order to find the expected value of this game we need to determine four probabilities. These probabilities correspond to the four possible outcomes. We note that each die is independent of the others. Due to this independence, we use the multiplication rule. This will help us in determining the number of outcomes. We also assume that the dice are fair. Each of the six sides on each of the three dice is equally likely to be rolled. There are 6 x 6 x 6 216 possible outcomes from rolling these three dice. This number will be the denominator for all of our probabilities. There is one way to match all three dice with the number chosen. There are five ways for a single die to not match our chosen number. This means that there are 5 x 5 x 5 125 ways for none of our dice to match the number that was chosen. If we consider exactly two of the dice matching, then we have one die that does not match. There are 1 x 1 x 5 5 ways for the first two dice to match our number and the third to be different.There are 1 x 5 x 1 5 ways for the first and third dice to match, with the second be different.There are 5 x 1 x 1 5 ways for the first die to be different and for the second and third to match. This means that there is a total of 15 ways for exactly two dice to match. We now have calculated the number of ways to obtain all but one of our outcomes. There are 216 rolls possible. We have accounted for 1 15 125 141 of them. This means that there are 216 -141 75 remaining. We collect all of the above information and see: The probability our number matches all three dice is 1/216.The probability our number matches exactly two dice is 15/216.The probability our number matches exactly one die is 75/216.The probability our number matches none of the dice is 125/216. Expected Value We are now ready to calculate the expected value of this situation. The formula for expected value requires us to multiply the probability of each event by the net gain or loss if the event occurs. We then add all of these products together. The calculation of the expected value is as follows: (3)(1/216) (2)(15/216) (1)(75/216) (-1)(125/216) 3/216 30/216 75/216 -125/216 -17/216 This is approximately -$0.08. The interpretation is that if we were to play this game repeatedly, on average we would lose 8 cents each time that we played.

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example Educational validity is influenced by the representational validity problems, and methods of implementing the simulation (Stainton, Johnson and Borodzicz, 2010, p.707). The representational problems of validity emanate from algorithmic validity, and the percentage of reality that aims to achieve the necessary learning. Other factors that influence representational validity are prejudices that emanate from designers, and the effectiveness of simulators in helping partakers to understand the simulation representation (Stainton, Johnson and Borodzicz, 2010, P. 709) ). To achieve educational validity, it is important to apply the principles of experiential learning. Experiential learning involves the use of senses to construct learning by undergoing through different problems, and later on reflecting on them, for purposes of understanding the problem and its solution. Robinson (2005) also agrees with the articles proposition that, there is no process for the design, implementation, and validation of total enterprise simulations. For purposes of providing a structure for a validation investigation, the following are formulated theoretical prepositions. Klein (1985) agrees with the articles argument which states that simulation is successful is successful if participants manage to prove that their experiences during the process changed their attitudes regarding the management of businesses. This method gives investigators a chance to acquire meaningful and an all-inclusive characteristics of events that shape the real life. Case studies explain real life phenomena’s that are impossible for experiments and surveys to describe and offer a solution (Stainton, Johnson and Borodzicz, 2010, p. 712). The main aim of construct validity is to create accurate operational measures for purposes of using it during the process of data collection. Therefore, it is important to operationalize total enterprise simulation in order to measure it. External validity

Marketing Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Master - Case Study Example Price competition, backed by improved efficiency, is the main feature of this industry today (Chrisman et al 2003). Mission: the mission of Kitchen Made Pies is to produce and market high-quality fresh and frozen pies to institutional customers and restaurants. The original mission had made it clear that it was in the relatively unexploited sector that Kitchen Made Pies saw its clearest opportunity for innovation. Kitchen Made Pies set out to create a range of high-quality products that were distinctive in type, and especially appealing to people who had acquired a taste for pies. A wholesome, appetizing and, at same time, slightly exotic taste experience is what Kitchen Made Pies wanted to offer (Chrisman et al 2003). Goals: the main goal of the company is to get and keep a customer. Also, Kitchen Made Pies is aimed to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable competitive creating value for their customers, select markets where they can excel and present a moving target to their competitors by continually improving their position. Three of the most important factors are innovation, quality and inventory reduction. In order to improve logistics, the company is aimed to concentrate on doing business with drop-shippers which allow to involve larger orders. A continuum of resource sustainability is to compose resources and capabilities characterized by their durability and imitability. Financial goal is to increase sales and liquidity of business (Chrisman et al 2003; Paley, 2006). Marketing Policies Marketing policies Be in one of the most highly rated industries for stability and success, Kitchen Made Pies offers a high quality pies to everyone who wants an excellent taste. It is advantage is that Kitchen Made Pies can meet the requirement of wide audience marketing fresh and frozen pies. The high quality ingredients are the main criterion for Kitchen Made Pies. It does not want to reduce costs of production as it can worsen quality of their products. Recent years, sales of the company have failed (Paley, 2006). According the present day situation: "the current product mix, sales of approximately $35,000 per week which is $1,829,000 per year" (Chrisman et al 2003, p. 45). PR personnel also play a key role in responding to unflattering media reports or controversies that arise because of company activities in different parts of country. The basic tools of public relations include news releases, newsletters, media kits, press conferences, tours of plants and other company facilit ies. Financial Policies Financial policies Financial situation of the company suggest that it needs additional costs to cover all the expenses. According to Financial data, the net profit sales is "- 10,91%", total assets is " - 44,9%" and equity is "- 65,4%" (Chrisman et al 2003, p. 45). In general, these are very low figures for the company like Kitchen Made Pies. The other problem is that the bank note is due, and Kitchen Made Pies has to pay it. Refinancing the loan is the major concern of the company. Another negative situation is low liquidity which can have a great impact on the future financial situation of Kitchen Made Pies. Also, the major problem is Dean Distributing which has a poor payment record. High production costs are concern of the co

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay This study began with a historical background of deregulation, government motives and the benefits the deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry will deliver to Nigerians. The literature review provided an assessment of the opinion of two schools of thought: the opposing and the supporting group for deregulation. Their different views gave insight into the various reasons why government should or should not deregulate the industry. The purpose of the study is aimed to answer three questions: (1) What informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment? 2) How can the government improve the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective? (3) In what way can government encourage the private sector to fully participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise? In order to answer these questions, this study solicited the views of Nigerians and some industry professionals through self-administered questionnaires. Response by industry professionals addressed the perspective of strategic management, implementation, innovation and competitive forces. The response from other Nigerians addressed the perspective of effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation. By using broad theoretical approach, this study has demonstrated that a wider scope and broader assessment of the downstream oil and gas sector deregulation can be achieved. The theoretical framework has also been empirically tested through the questionnaire response and hypotheses that were carried out and it has proven to be effective in understanding the dynamics of the industrys deregulation programme. The responses provided by industry professionals answers the first question on what informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment. The second and third questions were also answered by them. Two respondents were not in support of deregulation, while the other two were in favour of the governments deregulation programme, stressing that deregulation is the only remedy for the problems in the oil and gas industry. Their views on the implementation of deregulation, control mechanism by regulatory agencies, innovation and competitive forces shows similar response. They feel government is not implementing deregulation properly and suggested a fully deregulated downstream oil and gas sector as against the current partial deregulation where NNPC is still involved in marketing activities and fixing product prices. On the aspect of government encouraging the oil marketers to ensure the success of deregulatio n, respondent (B) suggested providing loan facilities for them while, respondent (C) felt that providing a level playing field for equity and equal participation will drive the success of deregulation. From the analyses on quantitative data which illustrate the views and opinions of 150 Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the downstream oil and gas industry deregulation, we can infer that there is no significant difference in the response in support that deregulation would deliver positive effects to Nigerians and those against. The response on if challenges in the industry will hinder the success of deregulation also indicates no significant difference between those in support and those not in support. However, the response to the prospects of deregulation shows a significant difference in support that deregulation of the sector will facilitate better economic prospects and opportunities. In conclusion, based on the responses and views of Nigerians towards the downstream oil and gas deregulation, the study findings shows that deregulation of the sector is not properly implemented by the regulatory agencies. It also shows that the sector has been transformed to become competitive and market driven. It further reveals that the sector is not fully deregulated to enable market forces determine price, rather government is still fixing petroleum product prices. The overall result indicates that Nigerians are fully in support of deregulation of the sector, believing it will deliver positive effects, reduce challenges in the sector and create better prospects and opportunities. 6.2 Recommendation The purpose of this study is to examine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. To establish this objective, an analysis was conducted to evaluate findings on the effects, challenges and prospects. The study also examined deregulation implementation, competitive forces and innovation in the industry. This study recommendation would be based on the research findings, which includes the following: The response from staff (C) as shown in the appendix, suggests that the government is yet to fully deregulate the industry and NNPC is also still involve in product importation and distribution. He argued that the intending benefits of deregulation can only be achieved if the government totally discontinues direct participation and concentrates its efforts on the regulatory role. Against this background, this study recommends that government should display seriousness in implementing complete deregulation in the sector in accordance with the original policy framework. More oil marketers should be licensed, opportunities for free entry and exist should be allowed to encourage competition, equal participation and equity should be practiced without any sacred cow and more importantly, the demand and supply mechanism should be allowed to determine prices. This is the conventional concept that is obtainable in most countries where deregulation is practiced. The need for government to encourage and support oil marketers is also recommended in order to assist them acquire loan facilities. This view is consistent with the response from respondent (A) and (B) that suggested the provision of loan schemes most especially to indigenous oil marketers to grow in the industry. They argued that if governments wants to ensure that fuel scarcity is nipped in the bud, loan facilities should be granted to them to avoid supply lapses. This view is also supported by Kolawole (2012) who observes that probe by legislators of the sector reveals that the local content policy by way of encouraging indigenous operators are not enforced as claimed by The Indigenous Ship Owners Association of Nigeria (ISOAN). The ISOAN accused the NNPC of deliberately side-lining Nigeria ship owners from lifting fuel both locally and international. The practice by NNPC will not encourage the deregulation program. A non-discriminatory system should be enforced, especially to the local oil marketers and vessel owners. Inefficiency and lack of integrity contributes largely to the major problems affecting the downstream oil and gas sector. Corruption is the main problem militating against the government policy agenda of deregulation (Auwal and Mamman, 2012). According to respondent (C) he posits that the government monitoring arm like the PPPRA, DPR NNPC and the security agents saddled with the responsibility of appraising and ensuring the success of deregulation are complete disappointment and have failed in their assigned responsibility because of their corrupt practices. This implies that government should fight corruption by ensuring that the agencies responsible for implementing and coordinating the deregulation program are monitored to ensure they discharge their jobs with integrity. Corrupt officers collaborating with fuel importing syndicates to frustrate government policies of proliferation of refineries in Nigeria should be fetched out, arrested and punished in order to serve as a deterren t to others. To maintain competitive advantage under the industrys current deregulation platform requires innovative and strategic approaches to gain market position. This view corresponds with the observation made by the industry respondents on the high competitive nature of the sector. Hence, prompting them to carry out market intelligence to have a competitive edge over their competitors. Essentially, the oil marketers should be more proactive by engaging in technological innovations, training courses, research and development in order for them to remain competitive. They should also invest in high tech facilities like oil discharge jetties, pipeline networks for oil and gas product distribution to their customers. According to Barney and Zajac (1994) competitive strategies depends significantly on firms resources and capabilities. However, if the strategies are not adopted, the capabilities are more likely to emerge during periods of turbulence and market instability. Hart (1995) also argues that innovative strategies can lead to the development of firms specific capabilities which can be a source of competitive advantage. The analysis of the downstream oil and gas industry using Porters Five forces framework shows that the threats of new entrants is low. The reason as observed by respondent A and B is that the sector is capitally intensive with the old oil marketers enjoying economies of scale and large customer loyalty. New entrants are struggling to penetrate the industry under the deregulated environment. The analysis also reveals that threats of substitute to petroleum products is low. According to respondent C there is over dependence on petroleum products in the country without any foreseeable alternative in the near future. The bargaining power of suppliers as observed by respondent A is high, NNPC is mainly the dominant importer and distributor with only few other importers participating. This study recommends that for deregulation to succeed, the government should promote alliances and mergers among the smaller marketers in the industry to enable them take market position. Government should a lso think of diversification into renewable energy sources like wind energy, tidal waves and solar energy which is in high abundance in the country. This will reduce the high demand and over dependence on petroleum products. More oil marketers should be encouraged to get involved in products importation and distribution. The refineries should also be privatized for them to function properly and discourage importation. The adoption of these measures by the government will create the enabling environment for deregulation to succeed. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate Strategy: An Analytical Approach to business policy for growth and expansion. Newyork: McGraw-Hill, 1965. (pp. 118-121). Babbie, E. (2004). The practice of social research (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Best, J. W. and Khan, J.V. (1993). Research in Education 7th Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O. and Von Zedtwitz, M. (2000). Managing Global Innovation. Berlin: Springer. pp. 30. ISBN 3-540-66832-2. Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Burns, T. and Stalker, E. (1961). The Management of Innovation. London: Travistock. Chandler, A.D. Jr. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Charles, W. L. H. and Gareth, R. J. (1989). Strategic Management; An Integrated Approach. Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright edition. p. 69. Cliff, B. and David A. (1987). Strategic management. Macmillan Press Ltd, 1st Edition. p. 77. Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research, Second Edition. Palgrave and Macmillan. Collis, D.J. and Montgomery, C.A. (1997). Corporate Strategy: Resources and the Scope of the Firm. Boston: Irwin. Crotty, M. (1998). The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Cyert, R. and March, J. (1963). A Behavioural Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Gerry, J., Richard, W. and Kevan. S. (2011). Exploring Strategy Text and Cases. Pearson Education Limited, 9th Edition, p. 61-64. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, Vol.2, pp.697à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 698. John, L. T. (2001). Strategic Management fourth edition Produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells. (p.9). Kotler, P. and Amstrong, G. (2000). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey. Prentice Hall Inc. Learned, E.P., Christensen, C.R., Andrews, K.R. and Guth, W.D. (1965). Business Policy: Text and Cases. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin. Lawrence, P.R. and Lorsch, J.W. (1967). Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA. Leedy, P.D. (1985). Practical Research, Planning and Design. London: McMillan Publishers. Leedy, P.D and Ormrod, E.J. (2001). Practical Research : Planning and Designing. Merrill Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle. March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York: John Wiley. McQuail, D. (1994). Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. Michael, D. M. (2002).Qualitative Research in Information Systems. SAGE Publications, Limited. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis, a Sourcebook of New Methods. Beverley Hills, CA, USA.: Sage Publications. Minztberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organisations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. ; Prentice Hall, 1979. P. 25. Peter, W., Charles, D. P. and Mark, J. K. (1994). Strategic Management Text and Cases, Second Edition. Copyright by Allen and Bacon, 1994. (p. 4). Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors, Free Press. Ralph, D. S. (1996). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. Pitman Publishing, 1996. Second Edition. (p. 8). Rumelt, R.P., Schendel, D.E. and Teece, D.J. (eds) (1994). Fundamental Issues in Strategy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Seale, C. (2004). Researching Society and Culture. 2nd edition. London: SAGE Sullivan, A. and Sheffrin, S. M. (2002). Economics: Principles in Action. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Thompson, A. A. and Strickland, A. J. (2001). Strategic Management Concepts and cases. McGraw-Hill, 12 th Edition, (p. 5-7) Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill. Tidd, J. and Bessant, J. (2009). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. 4 ed. with Keith Pavitt. Chichester: Wiley. Trott, P. (2005). Innovation management and new product development, 3rd edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Cited in Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th edition, Prentice Hall, p. 296 Woodward, J. (1965). Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. ARTICLES AND JOURNAL Abu, I. N. (2012). Deregulation and Privatisation of the Upstream and Downstream Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Curse or Blessing? International Journal of Business Administration Vol. 3, No. 1; January 2012, 16 ISSN 1923-4007 E-ISSN 1923-4015. www.sciedu.ca/ijba Acemoglu, D., Aghion, A. and Zilibotti, F. (2006). Distance to frontier, selection, and economic growth. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4 (1), 37-74. Adelabu, N. S. (2012). The Political Economy of Oil Deregulation in Nigerias Fourth Republic: Prospects and Challenges. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 3(3): 193-198, Afeikhena, J. (1996). Privatisation of Public Enterprises in Nigeria: Expectations Illusion and Reality, in Ademola, A. ed., Economic Reform and Macroeconomic Management in Nigeria, Ibadan: Centre for Public Private Cooperation, at 79. Akinwumi, F.S., Isuku, E. J. and Agwaranze, D. Q. (2005). University Education Deregulation: Pros and Cons, in G.O. Akpa, S.U. Udoh and E.O. Fagbamiije (Eds). Akper, P.T. (2001). Socio-Political and Economic Reform in Nigeria In: Political Reform and Economic Recovery in Nigeria, in Ayua, I.A and D.A. Guabadia (Eds.) Nigeria Institute of Advance Legal Studies, Lagos, ISBN: 9789782353702 Alesina, A., Ardagna, S., Nicoletti, G., and Schiantarelli, F. (2005). Regulation and investment. Journal of the European Economic Association, 3 (4), 791- 825. Amana, A. R. and Amana, S. A. (2011). Oil, Product Price Deregulation and National Development in Nigeria. Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Management Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. Auwal, U. and Mamman. J. A. (2012). The downstream Sector: An Assessment of Petroleum Products Supply in Nigeria. Bafor, B. E. (2001). Economic and Social constraints to Harnessing the Potentials of the Upstream Sector of the Nigeria Petroleum Industry. Baily, M., Gordon, R. and Solow, R. (1981). Productivity and the services of capital and labour. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (1), 1-65. Barney, J. B. and Zajac, E. J. (1994). Competitive organisational behaviour: Towards and organisationally based theory of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Winter 1994, 15, pp. 5-9. Beim, D. O. and Charles, W. C. (2001). Emerging Financial Markets. New York: McGraw-Hill. Blanchard, O. and F. Giavazzi 2003. Macroeconomic Effects of Regulation and Deregulation in Goods and Labour markets, Quarterly Journal of Economics: 879-906. Carson, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C., and Gronhaug, K. (2001) Qualitative Marketing Research. London, UK: SAGE. Clark, C. H. (1980). Idea Management: How to Motivate Creativity and Innovation. New York: AMACOM. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990). A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, 128-52. Dalziel, P. (2010). Spending in the economy, Economic reform from 1984. Te Ara the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. DME, (2007). Deregulation of the petroleum industry position paper, Deregulation of the Petroleum Industry. Is it an option for RSA now? Duffy, M.E. (1986) Quantitative and qualitative research: antagonistic or complimentary? Nursing and Health Care 8:6, 356-357. Ehinomen, C. and Adeleke, A. (2012). An assessment of the distribution of Petroleum products in Nigeria , Department of Economics and Business Studies Redeemers university, Nigeria. Ekundayo, A. and Ajayi, A. I. (2008). The Deregulation of University Education in Nigeria: Implication or Quality Assurance. Nebuta. Ernest, P. and Young, C. (1988). The Colonial State and Postcolonial Crisis, in Ernest P. and Young, C. The Transfers of power, 1960 1980. New Haven and London Tale University press. Essien, A. and Isacc, A. (2012). Oil Subsidy Removal in Nigeria: Chasing Water Falls. University of Uyo, Nigeria. Estache, A. and Wren-Lewis, L. (2009). Toward a theory of regulation for developing Countries: Following Jean Jacques Laffonts lead. Journal of Economic Literature, 47 (3), 729-770. Evans, L., Grimes, A. and Wilkinson, B. (1996). Economic Reform in New Zealand 1984-95: The Pursuit of Efficiency. Journal of Economic Literature 34 (4): 1856-1902. Ezeagba, C. E. (2005). Deregulation of Nigerian Economy: Implications for the Downstream Petroleum Industry, Certified National Accountant. Foster, C. (1993). Privatization, Public Ownership and the Regulation of Natural Monopoly. London: Basil Blackwell. Given, L.M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications. ISBN 1-4129-4163-6. Green, R. (1994). Britains Unregulated Electricity Pool in Einhorn, M. (ed): From Regulation to Competition; New Frontiers on electricity Markets. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Hart, S. L. (1995). A natural resources based view of the firm. Academic of Management Review, 20(4), pp. 986-1014. Healey, N. (1990). Thatcher miracle in perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, 25(31), 1703-1704. Hudson, L. A, and Ozanne, J. L, (1988). Alternative Ways of Seeking Knowledge in Consumer Research, 14 (4), 508. Innocent, O.E. and Charles, O.C. (2011). Political Economy Of deregulation Policy In Nigeria. The Challenges Ahead, Journal of business and organizational development. Volume 2, cenresin publications .www.cenresin.org Izibili, M. and Aiya, F. (2007), Deregulation and Corruption in Nigeria: An Ethical Response, Kamal -Raj. Journal of Sciences. 14(3): 229 234. Jean, B. (2012). The Political Economy of Oil Subsidy in Nigeria International Association for Energy Economics. Kahn, A. E. (2004). Lessons from deregulation: Telecommunications and airlines after the crunch. Washington, D.C. AEI-Brookings Joint Centre for Regulatory Studies. Kelly, P. and Kranzburg M. (1978). Technological Innovation: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge. San Francisco: San Francisco Press. Kikeri, S. and Nellis, (2004). An Assessment of Privatization . The world Bank Res. Obs. 19: 87-118. Mathew, A. I. and Fidelis, A. (2007). Deregulation and Corruption in Nigeria: An Ethical Response. Kamla-Raj 2007, J. Soc. Sci., 14(3): 229-234. Mathews, K., Minford, P., Nickell, S. and Helpman, E. (1987). Mrs Thatchers Economic policies 1979-1987. Economic Policy, 2 (5), 59-101. McCormick, R., W. Shugart and R. Tollison (1984). The Disinterest in Deregulation, Economic Review 74, pp. 1075-79. Morgan, I. (2004). Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the new democratic economics. The Historical Journal, 47 (4), 1015-1039. Navarro, P. and Shames, M. (2003). Electricity deregulation: Lessons learned from California. Energy Law Journal, 24 (1), 33-64. Noll, R. and B. Owen (1983), The Political Economy of Deregulation (Washington: American Enterprise Institute). Nordhaus, W., Houthakker, H. and Sachs, J. (1980). Oil and economic performance in industrial countries. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 11 (1980-2), 341-399. Nwokeji, G. U. (2007). The Nigeria National Petroleum Cooperation and the development of the Nigeria oil and gas industry: History, strategies and current directions . University of California, Bekerly, Odeh, A. M. (2011). Deregulation Policy in the downstream oil sector and the Nigeria economy. Journal of Social Science and Public Policy, Cenresin Publications. www.cenresinpub.org Oduah, S.A. (2006). Oil and Gas Financing in Nigeria: Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Chartered Institute of Bankers, Nigeria, (p, 272). Ogunbodede, E. F., Ilesanmi, A.O. and Olurankinse, F. (2010). Petroleum Motor Spirit (PMS) and Nigerian Public Passenger Transportation System. The Social Sciences, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, Page No. 113-121. DOI: 10.3923/sciences. Olumide, I. (2011). Nigerian oil industry and fuel subsidy: the facts, the myths and the hidden truth! Oluwole, O. (2004). Deregulation of the Downstream Petroleum Sub-Sector: The Journey so far. A paper presented at a seminar organised for the executives of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN). Onyishi, A. O., Eme, O. I. E. and Ikechukwu, E. J. (2012). Domestic and International implications of subsidy removal crisis in Nigeria. Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Peltzman, S. (1976). Toward a more general theory of regulation. Journal of Law and Economics, 19 (2), Conference on the Economics of Politics and Regulation, 211-240. Malden, MA 02148, USA. Pol Herrmann (2005). Evolution of strategic management: The need for new dominant designs International Journal of Management Reviews Volume 7 Issue 2 pp. 111-130 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street. Posner, R. (1974). Theories of Economic Regulation, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Sciences (Autumn), pp. 335-58. Posner, R. (1975). The social costs of monopoly and regulation. The Journal of Political Economy, 83 (4), 807-828. Ramanadham, V.V. (1993). Constraints and Impacts of Privatization. London: Routledge. Rassenti, S. J., Smith, V. L. and Wilson, B. J. (2002). Using experiments to inform the privatization/deregulation movement in electricity. Cato Journal, 21, 515-544. Rothwell, G. and Gomez, T. (2003). Electricity economics: Regulation and deregulation. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press. Slater, S. F. and Narver, J. (1994). Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation performance relationship, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58. (January), 46-55. Stigler, G. (1974). Free Riders and Collective Action: An Appendix to Theories of Economic Regulation, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5 (Autumn), pp. 359-65. Stigler, G. (1971).The Theory of Economic Regulation, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2 (Spring), pp. 3-21. Trott, P. (1998). Growing businesses by generating genuine business opportunities, Journal of Applied Management Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, 211-222 Winston, C. (1993). Economic deregulation: Days of reckoning for macroeconomists. Journal of Economic Literature, 31 (3), 1263-1289. Winston, C. (1998). U.S. industry adjustment to economic deregulation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (3), 89-110. WEBSITE Aghion, P., Alesina, A. and Trebbi, F. (2007). Democracy, technology and growth. NBER Working Paper No. 13180. http://www.nber.org/papers/w13180 (Last visited 12/02/2013) Braide, K.M. (2003). Modes of deregulation in the downstream sector of Nigeria Petroleum Industry. http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/marticles/modes_of_deregulation_in_the_dow.html (Last visited 16/02/2013) Diezani, A. M. (2012). Investment Opportunities in Nigerias Downstream Oil and Gas Value Chain.Download powerpoint presentation 1-New World Nigeria www.newworldnigeria.com (Last visited on 20/02/2013) EIA, (2012) Energy information administration, Country Brief. http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=NI (Last visited 25/02/2013) Elf-Rufia, (2011). Oil and Gas (3), The Downstream Dilemma. http://saharareporters.com/article/oil-gas-3-downstream-dilemma-nasir-ahmad-el-rufai (Last visited 02/03/2013) Enenmoh, G. I. (2004). Investment Opportunities in a Deregulated downstream Petroleum Sector. At PPPRA Nigeria http://www.pppra-nigeria.org/articles.asp (Last visited 08/02/2013) Graham, H. (2000). Chi-Square Test: Research Methods 1 Hand-out, COGS-version 1.0, September 2000, page 1. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/grahamh/RM1web/sthand5.pdf (Last visited 25/02/2013). Guichaoua, Y. (2006). Oil and Political Violence in Nigeria h Stewart, S. (2001). Deregulation and National Competition Policy and its Effect on Rural and Regional Areas. http://www.ifri.org/files/Energie/GUICHAOUA.pdf (Last visited 04/02/2013) Hicks, M. (2004). Petroleum Products Pricing Commission. Commissioner expresses concern over looming fuel-prices crises. http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2004/gsl/0515n01.html (Last visited 16/02/2013) Hirsch, R. F. (1999). Power loss: The origins of deregulation and restructuring in the American electric utility system. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. http://www.history.vt.edu/Hirsh/KJT-screen.pdf (Last visited 06/02/2013) Holly, R. (1999). Deregulation of the Canadian Natural Gas Market. http://www.piac.ca/energy/deregulation_of_the_canadian_natural_gas_market/ (Last visited 28/02/2013) Ibanga, I. (2011). The economics of privatization and deregulating the Nigerian downstream oil sector. http://www.florin.com/valore/ifiokibanga.html. (Last visited 14/02/2013) Inhaber, H. (2002). Deregulation and its Discontents. Ideas in Action, Grace Creek Media and The George W. Bush Institute. Published June 10, 2012. http://www.ideasinactiontv.com/tcs_daily/2002/02/deregulation-and-its-discontents.html (Last visited on 26/02/2013). Jeff, C. L. (2010). Chi-Square Test, Encyclopedia Entry. http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/encyc-of-research-design/n48.xml (Last visited 28/02/2013) Kimberly, A. (2013). About.com Guide: Deregulation. http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/deregulation.htm (Last visited 09/02/2013) Krugman, P. (2001). Laissez Not Fair. York Times (New York Times Company). Published June 10, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation (Last visited 17/02/2013) Lesser, V. (2007). Advantages and disadvantages of probability and nonprobability sampling. http://people.oregonstate.edu/~hunterzk/ncat/pubs/TRANSED/1081_Surveys.Pdf (Last visited 26/02/2013) NEEDS, (2004). National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy. NEEDS National Planning Commission Abuja. http://www.ng.undp.org/documents/NEEDS/NEEDS.pdf (Last visited 18/02/2013) NEEDS, (2012). National Economic Empowerment and Development. Strategy NEEDS http://ji4d.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/NEEDS.pdf (Last visited 14/02/2013) Okafor, L. (2004). Deregulation Of The Nigerian Downstream Oil Sector; Keeping Faith With A Global At PPPRA Nigeria http://www.pppra-nigeria.org/articles.asp (Last visited 06/02/2013) Pera, A. (1988). Deregulation and privatization in an economic wide context. OECD Economic Studies No. 12, Spring 1989, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/43/35381774.pdf (Last visited 15/02/2013) PPPRA (2004). Resentations on Deregulation. www.pppra-nigeria.org/presentation.asp (Last visited 17/02/2013). Richard, A. (2012). FAQ on Deregulation of the Downstream Petroleum Sector and Removal of Fuel Subsidy. http://www.bizhallmark.com/index.php/feed/permalink/6557.txt (Last visited 19/02/2013) Tosanwunmi, O. (2012). Fuel Subsidy Removal or Deregulation: Evolving a Working Policy in Nigeria. http://alphaedufoundation.org/ (Last visited 13/02/2013) Wiley, J. (1999). Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/53/33659904.pdf (Last visited 21/02/2013) Wolak, F. (2001). Market Design and Price Behavior in Restructured Electricity Markets: An International comparisons, Working Paper http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~wolak (Last visited 18/02/2013) Wolfl, A., Wanner, I., Kozluk, T. and Nicoletti, G. (2009). Ten years of product market reforms in OECD countries Insights from a revised PMR indicator. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 695, Apr., http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/41/42779045.pdf (Last visited 23/02/2013) OTHERS Adebayo, A. (1999). Facing the future of Nigeria. Lecture Delivered for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Jos, Nigeria. Adedipe, B. (2004). The impact of Oil on Nigerias Economic Policy Formulation. Paper presented at the Conference organized by the Overseas Development Institute in Collaboration with Nigerian Economic Summit group. Adeogun, A. (2010). No Cartel is Big Enough to Determine Fuel Prices Under a Deregulated Regime, Daily Sun, Th